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Understanding the Zeliangrong United Front and Its Impact on Northeast India’s Peace Process

 In December 2025, the Government of India reached a significant milestone by concluding the 9th round of political negotiations with the Zeliangrong United Front (ZUF) in New Delhi. This development showcases a critical case study of India’s approach to addressing regional demands for autonomy through democratic means rather than violent insurgency.


1. The Zeliangrong United Front: Who Are They?

The ZUF, formed by the Zeme, Liangmai, and Rongmei tribes, represents a distinct cultural and political entity in the Northeast. Its formation in 2011 marked an evolution from earlier democratic petitions between 1966 and 1973, which laid the groundwork for addressing tribal and regional issues. The group operated as an armed organisation until it signed a Cessation of Operations agreement in December 2022, signalling its commitment to a peaceful resolution.



2. A Framework for Peace in the Northeast

The Government of India has developed a structured peace process in the Northeast region, distinguishing between insurgent groups willing to renounce violence and those pursuing secessionist agendas. The ZUF distinctly falls within the former category, presenting a model for how such negotiations can address local demands without escalating into prolonged conflict.




From 2014 to 2025, the government signed over a dozen peace accords with various armed groups in the Northeast, leading to more than 10,000 former combatants laying down their arms. This trend highlights a strategic pivot towards inclusive dialogue and negotiation as tools for state-building.


3. Autonomy Within the Constitutional Framework

ZUF’s position is clear: it seeks autonomy within the Indian constitutional framework, similar to the special provisions afforded to Manipur under Article 371C or the autonomous district councils established under the Sixth Schedule for states like Assam and Mizoram. The proposed Zeliangrong Homeland covers approximately 12,000 square kilometers across Manipur, Nagaland, and Assam, maintaining a majority Zeliangrong population while avoiding conflicts with other major ethnic groups.




4. Challenges Ahead: Navigating Inter-Ethnic Dynamics

While the ZUF’s negotiations present a path forward, challenges remain, particularly regarding the historical dominance of the NSCN-IM in Naga politics. The NSCN-IM views ZUF’s separate engagement as a potential threat to its claimed primacy within the Naga nationalist movement. Clashes, such as those reported in August-September 2025, reflect not only territorial disputes but also deeper cultural and political rivalries.


5. The Broader Implications for Federalism in India

The situation with the ZUF illustrates India’s ability to employ asymmetric federalism as a strategy for governance. Unlike binary secessionist frameworks, the Indian Constitution offers a diverse toolkit for addressing regional aspirations. This includes creating unified administrative units across state boundaries, establishing specialised autonomous councils, and implementing protective measures for regional governance.


In conclusion, the ongoing negotiations with the ZUF are pivotal in shaping the future of the Northeast region. By fostering dialogue over discord, the Indian government is taking significant steps toward a more inclusive and representative political landscape. As these discussions continue, the effective management of inter-ethnic relationships will be crucial for maintaining peace and stability in the region.


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